Page 24 - CII Artha Magazine

What is even more surprising What is also causing concern especially among the under- cent), Bihar (18.3 per cent),
Expenditure of States on Educational Services as a percentage of Total Expenditure in the data print for 2021-22 is that progressive states such INDIA’S SCHOOL privileged children and poor Madhya Pradesh (25.2 per
is that the revised estimates as Karnataka and Tamil Nadu SYSTEM FACES states during the post cent), Odisha (25.5 per cent),
Education spending of States Pre-pandemic Post-pandemic for education expenditure in as well as Gujarat and INADEQUATE pandemic period. Uttar Pradesh (25.8 per cent)
of States as % of total expenditure 2019-20 2021-22 (RE)
states such as Jharkhand, Maharashtra, which are FLOW OF FUNDS — ranked near the bottom,
Bihar 19.4 19.9 Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand, considered as frontier According to the Unified with less than 30 per cent of
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, investment destinations and District Information System schools having computers.
Chhattisgarh 19.9 18.4 Haryana and Maharashtra are already have well established Studies show that inadequate for Education (U-DISE)
Gujarat 15.1 15.2 lower than the budget education systems, have not fund flow to the education 2021-22 report, a total of 45.8 Similarly, only 33.9 per cent of
Haryana 14.5 13.8 estimates for the year. This witnessed any significant rise sector is also leading to a per cent of schools have school children have access to
Jharkhand 15.1 14.5 shows that low priority has in their education spending as deterioration in education functional computers that are internet facility with Delhi
Karnataka 13.2 12.6 been accorded to education a per cent of aggregate infrastructure at the primary used for teaching and learning emerging as the only state
Kerala 16.6 15.7 even though the pandemic expenditure which is crucial and secondary level in the purposes in classrooms. with 100 per cent access. This
Madhya Pradesh 16.8 14.7 created huge disruptions in for building human capital and states. There are reports of Furthermore, only 35.8 per is followed by Chandigarh
Maharashtra 18.6 15.9 the education system, with the reaping the demographic inadequacy of government cent of government schools (98.7 per cent) and Gujarat
Odisha 15.1 15.5 closure of schools and advantage. schools, especially in the rural have functional computers, (92 per cent). However, on
Punjab 11.8 12.5 colleges and the non-access of areas and acute shortage of compared to 68.5 per cent of the other end of the spectrum
Rajasthan 17.9 17.7 digital education among the The inadequate attention trained and motivated government-aided schools and are the North-Eastern and
teachers. For instance,
73.3 per cent of private
accorded to education is
Tamil Nadu 16.4 13.1 poor. This has worsened the impacting the enrolment rate according to a State of schools. This means that 64.2 populous states such as
Telangana 10.0 7.6 rich-poor divide and impacted at the school level. No doubt, Education Report 2021 per cent of government Mizoram (7.9 per cent), Bihar
education outcomes by
(11.1 per cent); Assam (11.7
Uttar Pradesh 15.5 12.7 pushing back learning among according to the Ministry of brought out by UNESCO, schools still lack working per cent) and Odisha (14.9
Uttarakhand 20.6 18.7
children. Education, Government of India’s school system lacks computers. per cent) where access to
West Bengal 18.1 16.8 India, there has been an enough teachers and has a internet is scarce.
Source: RBI State Finances The numbers also indicate improvement in gross poor student-teacher ratio. The state-wise statistics
that while there has been enrollment ratio (GER) in The pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) revealed an asymmetric
Per Capita Education Spending of Key States (Rs) some improvement in per 2021-22 at the primary, upper is worse at senior secondary availability of functional A DETERIORATION
capita fund allocation to primary and higher secondary schools at 47:1 as against 26:1 computers in schools across IN LEARNING
Pre-pandemic Post-pandemic education at the state level, levels as compared to of overall school system. different states of the country. OUTCOMES HAS
2019-20 2021-22 (RE) this has been accompanied by 2020-21. Notably, GER in Moreover, a total of 11.16 lakh In this respect, Delhi and
wide differences among states higher secondary has made teaching positions in schools Lakshadweep were found to BEEN SEEN AMONG
Bihar 2532 4668 in terms of per capita significant improvement from are still lying vacant in the have taken the top spot, with STUDENTS DURING
Chhattisgarh 6380 7139 education spending. For 53.8 per cent in 2021-21 to country, out of which, 69 per 100 per cent of the schools THE POST-
Gujarat 4170 4801 example, per capita spending 57.6 per cent in 2021-22. But cent are in rural areas. Around having functional computers PANDEMIC YEARS
Haryana 5865 6536 on education varied from Rs. all this is much below the 10 to 15 per cent of schools used for instructional
2882 in Uttar Pradesh and levels achieved in advanced in several states are purposes. This is followed by
Jharkhand 3033 3672
Rs.3581 in Telangana to Rs. countries. For example, single-teacher institutions. Chandigarh with 99.6 per cent It is also noted that fund flow
Karnataka 4537 4846 9009 in Uttarakhand and Rs. according to OECD, around Further, up to 69 per cent of of its schools having functional to education should be
Kerala 5619 7633 7633 in Kerala, a difference of 61 per cent of 3–5-year-olds its teachers are working computers utilized for conditional on ensuring a good
Madhya Pradesh 4168 4353 as much as six times between in India were enrolled in early without job contracts. pedagogical purposes. Similarly, quality of education among
the progressive and laggard childhood education Punjab (99.5 per cent), Kerala states. In this context, it is
Maharashtra 5568 6375
states. And this is having an programmes in 2020 as What is more, the prevalence (98.2 per cent), Gujarat (97.8 evidenced that while amenities
Odisha 4285 5299 impact on education compared to an average of 83 of digital infrastructure in per cent) and Haryana (91.6 such as drinking water
Punjab 3996 5080 outcomes. per cent in OECD countries. schools, which is critical for per cent) are doing well in availability, toilets, average
Rajasthan 5003 6539 Further, only 21 per cent of building the knowledge terms of imparting digital teacher attendance etc have
25–34-year-olds in India had a economy, is uneven and learning. somewhat improved between
Tamil Nadu 5371 5374
tertiary qualification in 2020 disproportionate between 2018 and 2022, there has been
Telangana 3322 3581 compared to 47 per cent on states, with the populous and However, seven states — a deterioration in learning
Uttar Pradesh 2792 2882 an average across OECD poor states emerging as including Assam (16.3 per outcomes among students
Uttarakhand 7811 9009 countries. laggards. This is resulting in the cent), Meghalaya (17.8 per during the post- pandemic
widening of digital divide, cent), West Bengal (18.1 per years. For instance, according
West Bengal 3540 4211
Source: RBI State Finances

24 ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, THOUGHT LEADERSHIP & ADVOCACY ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, THOUGHT LEADERSHIP & ADVOCACY 25
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
MAY 2023 MAY 2023